Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Short Answer Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short Answer Questions - Essay Example At the point when one can explain the qualities it invigorates a chance to recognize the required in showing ones calling of nursing. One can give administrations with the assistance of both individual and calling esteems. Qualities are ordered by calling, for instance the nursing calling requires tolerance ,love and genuineness. Along these lines is it significant for to explain the qualities so as to execute benefits in a progressively determined manner. Open figures are the individuals qualified for serve people in general and the greater part of them do the inverse with their worth prerequisites. This isn't the equivalent with the those of expert figures since calling requires direct use of those qualities in releasing of administrations .Doctors are proficient figures and they execute obligations as indicated by their own and expert qualities. Open figures have chances as far as worth application since they do things that don’t result from the qualities they are normal from them. Government officials for example have chances as far as their qualities. They take part in debasement, pay off and tribalism during offering administrations to the general population. This is thoroughly off-base since they are pioneers and they should practice administration esteems. The term proficient alludes to a portrayal of a person who is capable or talented in a specific movement. It can likewise mean an individual who is associated with a specific movement as an occupation. Fetus removal and willful killing are significant however basic issues identified with life and demise. They include utilization of moral issues that require lawful choices . Individual mediations are additionally required before settling on a choice on premature birth and deliberate willful extermination. Premature birth is a help that ought to be offered uniquely under specific states of the patient. Lawful strategy may follow where the lawyer is included. A person’s will or choice to experience might be affirmed after thought of a few substantial

Saturday, August 22, 2020

European Business and Policy Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

European Business and Policy Environment - Essay Example Harsh exercises gained from two universal wars have manufactured solid bonds between countries like England, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Italy who not extremely drawn-out period of time prior had hazardous political, military and monetary contentions. All out reliance on innovative highlights at the expense of settled customary practices have anyway end up being the most despicable aspect of present day Europe. Unreasonable opportunity and individual rights have disintegrated familial and social qualities, and their belongings are felt in expanding number of disharmony and relationship breakdowns in relationships and individual lives. Europe's responsibility to natural issues, in any case, is praiseworthy and her determined endeavors to address this issue in mainland gatherings as well as at global levels will undoubtedly have healthy impacts ecologically as well as on world economy. Improved condition will likewise decidedly add to medical problems and efficiency. (EU sees green future for business) Condition issues and contamination are inherently connected to proficiency in the force part, characteristic assets and waste administration. These require administrative and observing bodies with wide extending forces to arrange, check, casing and update strategies, give rules, keep up close rope to control deviations, and punish resistance. (EU Business) Europe's reliance on petroleum derivative additionally figures on environmen... (EU Business) Europe's reliance on petroleum derivative additionally figures on ecological issues making it critical to change over to elective eco-accommodating biomass fuel for natural and financial reasons. (Georges Markatatos, 8/6/2006) The Impact of Sud Chemie on elective wellsprings of vitality Headquartered in Munich, Germany, Sud Chemie Group is operational internationally and its sound, top to bottom colleague, information and aptitude in the field of ordinary and non-customary vitality assets makes it basically significant for the organization to pioneer endeavors on exchanging over to eco-accommodating sustainable power source assets. Sud Chemie's way of thinking of saving utilization of traditional vitality and water give its items invaluable situation on decrease of outflow levels and along these lines cut down contamination levels through lower vitality utilization and higher effectiveness. (Sud Chemie) At present, the appeal for petroleum product and its expense of creation and conveyance is exceeding its antagonistic effect on condition and the capacities of the administrations to present authoritative changes in the force and vitality divisions. This factor is likewise predominating endeavors by concerned entryways to push for reasonable options as sustainable power sources. Eco-accommodating sustainable power source assets industry As of now, the expense of sustainable power source utilization in Europe and somewhere else is extremely high when contrasted with petroleum products. In this manner, the force for exchanging over to sustainable sources, for example, biomass vitality doesn't look empowering for the second and the not so distant. Research for advancement motivations behind the sustainable power sources is deteriorated because of assorted varieties in the accessibility and type of

Monday, August 17, 2020

I had a terrible week

I had a terrible week Bluntly put, this was the worst week of my life. Geez! you say. Thats a harsh claim. Perhaps you might soften it down until its fluffy like a throw pillow*. Alright: Lets just say that the week of October 19th left much to be desired. I will elaborate on the details of “much” once I finish therapy. *Recently, someone I was talking to managed to gently massage this phrase (“fluffy like a throw pillow”) into a conversation of otherwise forgettable nature, by which I mean that I completely forgot the rest of it ten minutes later. I was completely hooked on the colloquial fruitiness of the phrase as soon as it reached my ears, resplendent in its evocations of tacky yet luxurious department-store sofas. Of course, you can barely tell how wonderful of an idiom it makes just from reading my comparatively-dry prose: imagine someone saying it with a gangsta inflection, perhaps in a context that makes absolutely no sense. Like: “Yo, its raining so hard, my shoes are fluffy like a throw pillow.” See? Pure, vernacular magic. Anyway, back to how much my week sucked. Three weeks, 13 Nobel Prizes, my friends semi-spontaneous wedding (featuring a hat parade, an Ethiopian feast, vegan carrot cake, and the coolest farm-owning Canadian grandma Ive ever met on this side of the Mississippi), a trip to NYC, three midterms, two papers, Windows 7, three nights of cooking dinner for 30, 105 miles of running, and a lot of Barack Obama have happened since the last time I blogged. The same amount of time has passed since the last night when I slept more than 6.5 hours. Now that I think about it, I dont even sleep while I blog, usually. Fantastic thing about MIT, #261: Sure, youre miserable on weeks like, say-for-instance-hypothetically-speaking-of-course, October 19-23. On the bright side, its the best miserable experience ever. If MIT is the Disneyworld of misery, then I rode all the rides this week and didnt even have to wait in line. If you asked me about how I felt last week on a scale of 1-10, I would have said negative 15 +/-2. On the other hand, if youd asked me how I felt about feeling like negative 15 +/-2, I would have given you a solid 9.5 and then offered to adjust my answers if you paid me 20 bucks for taking your survey*. *Fantastic thing about MIT, #262, is that you quickly learn to not take surveys unless theres a predicted payoff of at least $10, with exceptions for course evaluation surveys that give you free excuses to complain about your life. If Im not mistaken, there was a 3.091 class survey last year that automatically deposited $15 into the TechCash account of every student that participated (and theres 500-600 people enrolled in 3.091). 15 bucks! I could have bought 1/15th of the class textbook with that fortune! Anyway, back to my misery. It was rhythmic. I woke up every morning at 7 am dressed in a fresh layer of panic, bolted outside in 40-degree wind chill, ran several miles, made breakfast and French-pressed coffee, went to school, did work, went home, did work, went to my Black Studies class and talked about the Black Panthers, did work, went to 8.07, worked on 8.07 in the basement of the library, went home, roasted chickpeas and cauliflower, did work, socialized, went to bed, repeat five times and jump to coda. Over the torturous course of the Week from Heck (am I allowed to say this on the blogs, Matt?), I sludged through oodles of problems. Problems involving relativistic point charges, floating blocks oscillating underneath a dripping faucet, magnetic dipole radiation, proper time in an accelerating reference frame, the Maxwell Stress Tensor (stress makes me tense too! I need to stop making this pun until I pass 8.07), and electron/positron pair formation. But never did I satisfactorily solve the deeper problem of why I cared. Perhaps I never will, but let me tell you what Ive figured out so far: Insight is indistinguishable from imagination. Like all alliterative statements, this is probably profound. Take the example of a mass on a (massless, frictionless) spring. You compress it. In Soviet Russia, spring compresses you! By which I mean that it oscillates. A hummingbird of energy hovers in the liminal space between opposing forces, lingering persistently. (Can you spot the bad pun? Hint: Sho!) You imagine a metaphor for your spring. Its a metaphor that looks like this: You imagine an infinite number of masses, connected by an infinite number of springs. It looks like this: (If youve ever tried untangling one of these, you know what I mean by infinite.) Like all reasonable things, your string of infinite springs despise second derivatives. Gently you pluck a second derivative into its limber form, and it responds with a violent, burning hatred for you and all your posterity. In Soviet Russia, string second-derivates you! By which I mean that it snaps back with a second derivative in time. You pull out your pencil and scratch out a new metaphor: After twisting your imagination up a ladder of metaphors, the waves rippling along the string become rays of light propagating through space at 3*10^8 m/s. Somehow, in the grind of a pencil on paper, youve crystallized the subtleties of energy. In truth, the process of squeezing a physics problem through layers of abstraction is a frolic in playgrounds of tedium. Which is why I had a great week, even though it was terrible. On a happier note, did I mention that I went to New York City for an all-expenses-paid 23-hour field trip with my Black Studies class? Legitimately speaking, my homework was walking around Harlem, eating soul food, appreciating Black Panther art, visiting the African Burial Grounds, downing a plate of conch at a Haitian diner, and sitting through a production of Hair. Fantastic. It was a journey of self-discovery in the sense that I uncovered a secret fondness for plantains. I attempted to become a critically-acclaimed street photographer in the meantime. The first step to a Pulitzer is to set your camera to greyscale. (At the African Burial Grounds, where a student pays respect to the history of African Americans in New York by, um, looking up. I guess.) The ironic part is that I tried to make this entry sound angsty, but it ended up being fluffy like a throw pillow.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Essay on Uni University and Its New Erp System - 674 Words

UNI UNIVERSITY AND ITS NEW ERP SYSTEM 1) This case illustrates the complexity of the relationship between technology and organization in the context of knowledge work. Some famous theories, indeed, demonstrate that there are important, complex and reciprocal causal relationship between these two aspects to the extent that different type of technologies can be associated with different form of organizations (Woodward). When you decide to introduce a new technology system in your organization you can’t think that it will carry automatically positive changes because it is difficult to predict in advance the outcomes of†¦show more content†¦Cooperation between different groups of knowledge workers it’s a complex goal to achieve: it can be obtained only throughout a strict collaboration and with a transfer of learning. 3) First of all, different stakeholders have different knowledge and backgrounds, depending on their role within the organization and their education, and this is the reason why they perceive ERP in different ways. Academic administrators weren’t unable to inform their faculty members about the financial details of their grant and contracts using the time phased approach of the ERP, Financial Managers wanted to go forward ensuring institutional governance and mediating financial and regulatory risk: in turn, academic faculty became deeply unhappy about ERP, they weren’t able to receive answers they needed to work effectively. Moreover the workers within the university weren’t informed and deeply instructed to understand and use the new IT. Uni were wrong in considering that implementation an â€Å"easy matter†, they really understimated the problem. 4) I think the result would have been quite different. Often it is really difficult to manage knowledge: knowledge work and knowledge workers cannot be tightly controlled and organized because of their consciousness about the situation, their autonomy in organizing and managing their work andShow MoreRelatedErp for Walmart5696 Words   |  23 PagesTechnology (2000) 15, 281–288 An ERP implementation case study from a knowledge transfer perspective Z OONKY L EE AND JINYOUL LE E Department of Management, College of Business Administration, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0491, USA r Fr ci s G an An enterprise resource planning (ERP) application is an enterprise-wide package that tightly integrates all necessary business functions into a single system with a shared database. An ERP implementation often entails transferringRead MoreInformation Systems and Information Technology Integration in Global Businesses2170 Words   |  9 Pageschange to information systems. Information Systems as it is defined by Northcentral University’s –Executive Concepts in Business Strategy (2011) are â€Å"combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings† (p. 1131). These sets of information has been used over time to enhance and improve the quality of life for individuals and businesses. Information systems have been used forRead MoreOperational Strategy in Nestle24176 Words   |  97 PagesThe University of Nottingham The School Business Studi es OPERATIONAL STRATEGY OF NESTLE BEVERAGES IN PAKISTAN Submitted by: Saad Ahmad Khan The dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the completion of MSc Operations Management July 2007 2 Table of Contents Topic 1) Introduction What is strategy? Rationale Research objectives Research questions Company background and products of focus Structure of the Report 2) 3) Methodology Literature review ManufacturingRead MoreSystems and Operations Management Mercedes Benz9163 Words   |  37 PagesSystems and Operations Management Mercedes Benz Analysis of the competitiveness of operations management Abhijeet Ghosh, A4060514, MBA Intake 14 (Group B) London School of Business and Finance Table of Content Executive Summary amp; Introduction 3 Product and Services 3 Task 1: Operations Management 4 Operations Strategy 4 Process Design 4 Body Shop 5 Paint Shop 6 Assembly 7 Just in Time 8 Quality Management 8 Innovation and Improvement 9 Supply Chain Management 10 Task 2:Read MoreHr Model6858 Words   |  28 Pagesproviding strong functional expertise with the need to align with different business needs. †¢A shift in the role of HR from being employee focused to an organisational and management focus. †¢The adoption of ERP systems accelerated by legacy fears in the run-up to Y2K and the use of these systems to improve and systematise administrative and HR processes so they become more efficient and consistent whilst linking seamlessly to the front office. As one commentator said: â€Å"The human resources functionRead MoreBusiness Plan (Dog Food)10429 Words   |  42 Pages| * Supervise controls for accounting procedures and systems * Manage tax returns, financial statements and period closings * Budget for and approve major expenses | Aaron Stirling (VP Production). He oversees the production process, draws up a production schedule and ensures the production process is cost-effective. | * Experienced in using Lean and Six Sigma tools and methodologies for manufacturing * Certification ERP Professional (Enterprise Resource Planning) * SAP CertificationRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesOhio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

God Is Real Or Not Real - 846 Words

For most Christians my age, understanding the nature of God and whether God is real or not real is for the most part innate. I have dwindled it down to two types of people in my world, people who believe in God and who do not believe in God. Most of my childhood growing up, I believed in a creator of the world, but as I grew up and began to understand more about science as well as reasoning, I walked a fine line between what I was taught to believe and what I thought was real. My family began to drift away from God, as did I. Everything that happened in those years of growing up whether it was death, natural disasters, everyday conflict, new life or happiness, I managed to leave God out of the equation and happily continue on with my life. I was not alone in this; most of my friends followed the same path of subtracting God from their lives and conclude that world just happened to be. It was not until the end of high school and my decision in coming to Azusa Pacific University where God became real to me. I did not think philosophy and God would be able to work so well with each other, but for my friends the two were separated. They understand philosophy and science to the extent that I do; the only part of the equation for them that is missing is God. Concentrating on how Aquinas defends the virtues of God in comparison with how Anselm defends the existence of God, much information can be gathered in defense of a non-believer. Aquinas critiques the ontological argumentShow MoreRelatedGod Is Real : Is God Real?2173 Words   |  9 Pages2015 God is Real The question â€Å"Is God real?† has been speculated for years and years. It is one of the main questions that is still being asked in today’s world, with movies, music and media surrounding it. The popular movies that have recently been released such as â€Å"God’s Not Dead† and â€Å"Heaven is for Real,† are perfect examples of this, with millions going to see them, and supporting the assumption that there is a God and place called Heaven. Millions of people assert their faith of God on a dailyRead MoreIs God Real Or Not?1908 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout my life I have been involved in a dynamic battle that always comes back to one question: Is there such thing as â€Å"God†? I have been raised up in a pretty much non practicing Christian home. To grow up in this type of lifestyle I have encountered a multitude of different belief systems that were either Secular or Christian-like. But with this debate of if God is real or not I have come across the issue of how to walk out my life with the time that I have. This paper will go through the debateRead MoreWhos to Say Whats Real744 Words   |  3 PagesWhos To Say Whats Real Many people often wonder what is real in their lives, especially whether the idea of heaven and God is real or not. Some think that what cannot be proved with facts is not real, where as others revolve their lives around the possibility of there being more after they pass on. Everyone has doubts in their religion, even preachers which is shown in the movie Heaven Is For Real. The movie seeks to explore if heaven truly is real after a small boy claims to have experiencedRead MoreReligiological Questions and Answers Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough our spiritual beliefs. In order to gain knowledge I rely on the Word of God. The knowledge of God is the most valuable knowledge a human being can possess. The Word of God can be found in Scripture. Proverbs 2:6 tells us that the Lord gives us wisdom and that the wisdom of God results in knowledge and understanding. But it is also clear that simply being aware of God’s existence is not adequate; the knowledge of God must encom pass the profound appreciation for Him and produce a loving and growingRead MoreComparing Aquinas And Descartes Arguments For The Existence Of God766 Words   |  4 PagesAquinas and Descartes both have arguments for the existence of God, with some similarities and a multitude of differences. Descartes presents two major premises in his argument with his degrees of reality principle and his casual adequacy principle. It is possible for Descartes to be influenced by Aquinas, but the arguments for the same thing differ greatly that even if any inspiration Descartes could have pulled from Aquinas work is minimal, to say the least. Comparing Aquinas and Descartes theyRead MoreIn This Next Step We Uncover The Metaphysical World Around1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing anything. God, just like us comes under this category of being, as being comes not just from existence, but rather our essence. The next text comes from Elizabeth Johnson called â€Å"Speaking about the Living God,† which focuses on the name of God. God never tells us what God’s gender is; only that God is. So by assigning God a gender we limit the power that God has, by making God only male we limit the feminine side of God’s love as well as those who are uncomfortable with a male God. The next textRead MoreRites Of The Catholic Church1354 Words   |  6 Pagesmany symbols of the Eucharist, bread, wine, water, chalice There is a real presence of Christ in the form of bread and wine. In the Eucharist, Christ is present in the totality of His being. The Second Vatican Council proclaimed that the Eucharist â€Å"is the source and summit of the Christian life† â€Å"the source and summit of the Christian life† (Vatican II, Lumen Gentium, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, paragraph 11),The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist comes about through transubstantiationRead MoreComparing The Matrix With Readings From Plato And Descartes1023 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent as this essay indicates the world is very real. The Matrix In The Matrix, Neo realizes his world is in reality a computer generated world, in which people only live simulated lives, evident of being unreal. The movie portrays the world as ersatz, it is a venue that allows people to live a seeming normal life, but in reality they do not. This is very much how prisoners of the Allegory of the Cave reason the shadows they see are real. By believing this, the prisoners of the AllegoryRead MoreThe Ontological Proof Of The Existence Of God1137 Words   |  5 Pagesontological proof of the existence of God. First, I will discuss what ontology is and how it connects to this proof about God. There are two kinds of proofs that are going to be talked about in this essay. The ontological proof was created by Anselm who made this argument that God does exist. To begin this discussion, ontology is a part of metaphysics and concerns itself with the nature of being. Ontology seeks to answer questions about existence, what’s real and what is not r eal. The ontological proof is setRead MoreThe Point Of Knowledge And Faith Through God912 Words   |  4 Pagespertinent topic. This essay will suggest the valid point of God answering the question â€Å"what is reality?† and what we can know of what exists and why. While answering this question, the point of knowledge and faith through God, how they are interconnected, in my opinion, will be noticed and said. Therefore, I suggest that we can know what is real through three interconnected lenses that are faith, the knowledge we obtain due to God and through in God. I believe that reality is the existence of everything

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Discrimintion Free Essays

Discrimination has similar meaning as Inequity or favouritism. Discrimination is a considerable common problem throughout the world. Especially girls have to face discrimination everywhere in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimintion or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example in the remote areas of Pakistan like Sindh, girls school entries are less as compared to boys and girls are forced to stay at home and help in household tasks. This Is the vulnerable misery of the girl child in our society. By depriving to the right of education girls are also deprived from the benefits which are associated with education for example Job right and right to ake decisions or simply one can say that girls are deprived of liberty. Same is the situation for girls while taking their marital decisions. Girls are not allowed to choose spouse of their own choice but boys are free to take such declslons. Similarly, other discriminations also exist In our society for example even in this modern era when some Jobs are announced it is clearly mentions on the job advertisement that only males can apply this Is profession discrimination. Also in some cases females are not given equal status as male staff and females have to face allot of problems related to heir Jobs. Beside these, there are also other examples of discriminations in many societies for example Indian society is one of the best examples of discrimination on the basis of caste, lower castes are not allowed to make any relation with people who belong to upper caste. Discrimination on the basis of class Is also common In some societies many countries can be coated in this aspect of discrimination like Indian society. Also Sometimes an individual with disabilities is treated badly if some misshapen occur due to his disability, this type of discrimination arises from isabilities of people. Discrimination on the basis of colour is also existing in westerns societies where white people are given more importance than black people but now the trends are changing with increasing education. Education is the key that can change the behaviour of people towards gender discrimination and bring changes specially in developing countries Ilke Pakistan. Education Is essential to end gender unfairness, but first of all elimination of poverty is must that makes discrimination even worse In the developing world. How to cite Discrimintion, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

Understanding Copyright Law

Question: Describe about the Understanding Copyright Law. Answer: How are enforceable contracts formed? 1: For forming a contract with legal bindings one must make sure to satisfy six basic elements of contract formation. First of all the parties going for the contract must have the capacity, mutual assent and consideration to undergo the legal steps needed to form this contract. They must also make sure that everything is transparent and clear in the contract and has nothing illegal in the eyes of Law. (Stone, 2012) Given organizational ownership of property (real, personal and intellectual), analyze the rights of an organization regarding the protection of its property and the legal rights and obligations arising out of the use of the property, including environmental impact and issues where appropriate. 2: A contract of commercial or business nature can be enforced under a common law or under the Uniform Commercial Code only when these essential legal elements are present in it. Two parties are mandatory for forming any contract. Both these parties act as one who offers and one who accepts a subject. The subject matter of the contract must not be unscrupulous at any condition. (Stone, 2012) In our daily life we own many things. These can be personal, real or intellectual properties on which only we have the sole right. When dealing with such properties one is obliged to know what legal remedies are available if any party breaches a contract. In three ways one can categorize business properties. These are :- a) Real property meaning anything related to the land b) Tangible property meaning all kind of properties that can be touched like trucks, computers, equipments etc c) Intangible property have no physical being but has a value attached with it. Business, organizations or individuals protect such intellectual properties as they have immense value to them. (Kom, 2005) Given a business or commercial contract for the sale of goods and services to a customer, examine the elements of the contract, and determine whether the contract is enforceable under common law or the Uniform Commercial Code 3: Any legal contract which has a force of law behind it can be termed as an enforceable contract and is an agreement of legal nature in between two parties. For forming an enforceable contract the following elements must be covered:- An offer -A situation where one party expresses willingness for making a contract with another party. Based on the subject matter of the contract a legal binding is made where another party accepts the contract mutually. Acceptance-Acceptance is the unqualified expression given by a person to whom something is offered is acceptance of the offer. Both parties entering into the contract must be competent- This means the individuals involved are legally capable for the contract. Lawful - The contract core matter must be legal in nature. Mutual Factor- Both the parties must have the common intention to meet the terms of contract. Consideration- Consideration is an important element in the formation of an enforceable contract. (Putman, 2011) Are there "special" rules for electronic contracts? 4: Yes, there are special rules for electronic contract. The Indian Contract Act 1872 governs the way electronic contracts can be made and executed. These rules must cover the following areas:- There must have an offer The offer must all be accepted A law must govern it The parties in such a contract must have an intention to create law abiding relations The parties in such a contract must be competent. Parties making an electronic contract must also have complete free consent in it. The objective or subject matter of the offer must be legal There must also be a certainty regarding the legal performance. (Keong, 2004) Identify the various types of intellectual property and elements of infringement 5: IP or Intellectual Property refers to the creation of the human mind where exclusive rights are recognized. People like business owners, innovators and artists have exclusive rights to ow n intangible assets for a specified duration. Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks and Trade Secrets are some of the various kind of IPs. These are intangible assets for an organization. Financial institutions and business owners due to these properties get the confidence to invest into an organization. Copyright infringement is some complex actions which has the basis as deception. Such an infringement arises when one third party violates some rights that has been granted by copyright owners. For establishing an infringement there must be an evidence that the intellectual property belongs to one with all legal documents in place.(Goldstein, 2010) The challenges of protecting our information from cyber thieves. 6: Protecting sensitive information from cyber thieves today has become a challenge for us. Some of the challenges in this matter are these questions:- a) Where do cyber thieves get all information. b) How much information must be shared has to be judged. c) Enhancing malware is a challenge. d) Enormous personal information stored digitally e) Many times we do not understand that we are the victim of cyber theft. f) Phishing Scams g) Not keeping software updated h) Spammers turning the computer into a zombie References: Goldstein, P.(2010). Understanding copyright law. Retrieved from https://www.americanbar.org/groups/young_lawyers/publications/the_101_201_practice_series/elements_of_a_copyright.html Putman, C.(2011). The Nuts and Bolts of an Enforceable Contract. Retrieved from https://www.ilovelibraries.org/article/nuts-and-bolts-enforceable-contract. Keong, C.(2004). Formation of electronic contracts. Retrieved from https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/49009/11/11_chapter%203.pd Kom, N.(2005).Guide to Intellectual Property Rights and Other Legal Issues. Retrieved from https://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/guideipr1_0.pdf Stone, R.(2012). Elements of the law of contract. Retrieved from https://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/laws/ug_subject_guides/elements_law_contract-subjectguide4chapters.pdf

Monday, March 30, 2020

Italian Renaissance Essays (511 words) - Renaissance,

Italian Renaissance "How was the Italian Renaissance an age in which life was a work of art?" The Renaissance was an important time. It was a time when new ideas were formed, worldly places became more important, and great people became known. All of which paved the way to future inventions, philosophies, and life as we know it. During the Renaissance, new possibilities were explored. One of which was a group of people who called themselves Humanists. Humanism was a movement based on the literature and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists focused on secular themes, rather than those that were religious. They also believed that individualism, human improvement and that people should develop their talents through many activities. Humanism was influential in that more attention was paid to literature, the arts and education. Because education was becoming more important, more schools were opened. Students were taught all that was taught in classical Greek schools such as Greek, Latin, history and philosophy. The humanists strongly believed that education could help people to improve themselves. Humanism also inspired literature to become more universal. Many authors were discovered. Also, a form of poetry, called a sonnet, was developed. The humanists were very important to the Renaissance, without their teachings much would have been left undiscovered. The city stated of Florence, Rome and Venice were also important parts of the Renaissance. Florence was ruled by a line of successful and wealthy rulers. Florence produced many great things. Great rulers, great architects, great sculptors and great painters. Thus leading the way through art. Rome was the leading renaissance city during the 1500's. Many artists and scholars went to Rome to be taught by master craftsmen. Rome also became a site of great religious increases. Venice was a city of great trading. It linked Asia and Western Europe in trade routes, also drawing traders from the rest of the world. Venice was also known for it's artistic achievements. Florence, Rome and Venice were three of the most influential powers during the Renaissance. The arts were extremely important to the Renaissance, and very influential. Architecture was modeled after classical Greek and Roman stylings. The greatest Italian architect was Filippo Brunelleschi, who was best known for his completion of a cathedral in 1436. Sculpture, as did architecture, reflected ancient Greek and Roman ideas. The best known sculptors were Donatello, Michelangelo and Ghiberti. Donatello was the first sculptor to cast free standing figures. Michelangelo was best known for his free standing figure of David, and Ghiberti for his ten biblical scenes on Florence cathedral's walls. During the Renaissance, painting acquired a more realistic style. Some famous painters of the time are Giotto, Michelangelo, and probably the most famous of all, Leonardo Da Vinci. Da Vinci is best known for his works of The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. During the Renaissance, boundaries were explored, new heights were discovered and a whole new way of life was found. The renaissance truly was an age in which life was a work of art not only because art was so important to that time period, but because everything was original and new. Without the renaissance, and the people who lived during it, such as Da Vinci, modern life may not have been so modern.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Free Essays on Frank Lloyd Wright

The Life and Works of Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was the world’s most fabulous architect of all time. This was his ambition in life and he managed to meet his goals. Kaufmann and Raeburn quote him saying, "...having a good start not only do I fully intend to be the greatest architect who has yet lived, but fully intend to be the greatest architect who will ever live. Yes, I intend to be the greatest architect of all time" (Writings 21). With much research Kaufmann discovered that throughout Wright’s life he completed one hundred and eighty eight structures (338). All of his buildings were not simply concrete and/or wood but art. Born in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867, sometimes reported as 1869, Frank Lincoln Wright changed by himself to Frank Lloyd Wright was raised in the influence of a Welsh heritage. Kaufmann and Raeburn learned through Mr. Wright’s writings that the Lloyd-Jones family, his mother's side of the family, had great influence on Mr. Wright throughout his life. The family was Unitary in faith and lived close to each other. Major aspects within the Lloyd-Jones family included education, religion, and nature. Wright's family spent many evenings listening to William Lincoln Wright read the works of Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake out loud. Also his aunts Nell and Jane opened a school of their own pressing the philosophies of German educator, Froebel. Wright was brought up in a comfortable, but certainly not warm household. His father, William Carey Wright, who worked as a preacher and a musician, moved from job to job, dragging his family across the United States. His parents divorced when Wright was still young. His mother Anna (Lloyd-Jones) Wright relied heavily upon her many brothers, sisters and uncles, and was intellectually guided by his aunts and his mother (Writings 6-18). â€Å"Before her son was born, Anna Wright had decided that her son was gong to ... Free Essays on Frank Lloyd Wright Free Essays on Frank Lloyd Wright I have chosen to critique one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s well-known homes, the Kaufmann House. It sits on a wooded terrain in Bear Run, PA and was built in 1936. The principle building material used here is reinforced concrete and stone. This home is also a perfect example of Wright’s naturalistic style of integrating modern materials into a serene natural landscape. In the case of the Kaufmann House, the positioning of the house nearly on top of a small waterfall marries the house and landscape in an aesthetically exciting and mysterious way. I am a true fan of Frank Lloyd Wright’s work. In addition to a naturalistic style, which is my taste in homes, he has designed other homes such as a home with a distinguished sense of privacy in a busy downtown area. Unfortunately, I forget the name of the home at the moment and lack the literature at hand. Regardless, Wright’s designs focus on clean visual lines and integration of a home to its site. His use of modern materials such as reinforced concrete and traditional materials such as stone also marries today’s technology with the aesthetically pleasing feeling of days gone by. I do not feel that Wright’s work was necessarily representative of its time because Wright was creating homes that had no contemporary equal. I truly believe he was ahead of his time. I do, on the other hand, feel that his work was representative of the place and culture it was completed. The Kaufmann House, for example, works well with its site and has the subdued feeling of the Pennsylvania countryside. Because Wright was sensitive to the area in which his designs were to take form, it is hard to imagine the waterfall without the house and the house without the waterfall. In my opinion, this is what makes the Kaufmann House such a successful piece of architecture... Free Essays on Frank Lloyd Wright These ideas proposed by Wright represent a half century of ingenuity and unrivaled creativity. Wright was unquestionably a architectural genius and was years ahead of his time. The biggest obstacle which held Wright back throughout his career was the lack of technogaly that was present during his time. As a architect, Wright accomplished more that any other in history, with the possible exception of DaVincci or Michangelo. His philosophy of Organic Architecture showed the world that form and function could both by achieved to create a house that was both true to nature and affordable. Wrights homes, have today become monuments of greatness and distictionn. Most of them serve as museums, displaying the his ideas and the achievements of a lifetime of innovation. It wasn't until Wright published "The Natural House" however, that he fully was able to illustrate all of his ideas relating toward housing. In the "Natural House" wright defines the meaning of Organic Architecture and how it c an be applied to creating housing which provides a closeness to nature for the occupents. Wright was undoubtly a romantic and individualist. His feeling toward nature and self integrity can best be shown by comparing them to those shared by Emerson and Thoreau. Wrights deep love of nature and his individualism were formed from the events which influenced him as a child and up until his days working for Louis Sullivan. In order to fully understand the ideas which Wright proposed through his philosophy of Organic Architecture, one must first understand the events and influences which led to their creation. As a child, Wrights parents always encouraged him to be a free thinker and individualist. Both of his parents were intelligent and creative people by nature. They, of all people had the greatest influence on Wright. Throughout his life they were extreamly supportive of Wrights dream of becoming an architect, and always made sure that he had books and pic... Free Essays on Frank Lloyd Wright The Life and Works of Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was the world’s most fabulous architect of all time. This was his ambition in life and he managed to meet his goals. Kaufmann and Raeburn quote him saying, "...having a good start not only do I fully intend to be the greatest architect who has yet lived, but fully intend to be the greatest architect who will ever live. Yes, I intend to be the greatest architect of all time" (Writings 21). With much research Kaufmann discovered that throughout Wright’s life he completed one hundred and eighty eight structures (338). All of his buildings were not simply concrete and/or wood but art. Born in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867, sometimes reported as 1869, Frank Lincoln Wright changed by himself to Frank Lloyd Wright was raised in the influence of a Welsh heritage. Kaufmann and Raeburn learned through Mr. Wright’s writings that the Lloyd-Jones family, his mother's side of the family, had great influence on Mr. Wright throughout his life. The family was Unitary in faith and lived close to each other. Major aspects within the Lloyd-Jones family included education, religion, and nature. Wright's family spent many evenings listening to William Lincoln Wright read the works of Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake out loud. Also his aunts Nell and Jane opened a school of their own pressing the philosophies of German educator, Froebel. Wright was brought up in a comfortable, but certainly not warm household. His father, William Carey Wright, who worked as a preacher and a musician, moved from job to job, dragging his family across the United States. His parents divorced when Wright was still young. His mother Anna (Lloyd-Jones) Wright relied heavily upon her many brothers, sisters and uncles, and was intellectually guided by his aunts and his mother (Writings 6-18). â€Å"Before her son was born, Anna Wright had decided that her son was gong to ...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Case Study Example In other words change management tries to reduce the impacts on the employees of the organization and ensures to avoid disruption. Therefore the companies which successfully implements change in their system of operation are successful and on the contrary those who could not execute it properly remain at the flipside. The report will highlight on the rationale for which the company is making changes in its existing system of conducting business. The report will also try to draw attention to on the specific changes which are undertaken by Virgin Blue. Apart from that the report will also use Kotter’s eight step change model to showcase change management process. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Why Virgin is changing 5 Changes in Virgin 7 Kotter Eight step model 9 Conclusion 14 References 15 Bibliography 17 Introduction Business environment is turbulent and organizations are not only making frequent changes to their operations but also making changes which are complex in nature. Change is the most essential characteristic for an effective management (Hussey, 2000, p.1). Change management is defined as the structured approach for modifying the organizations current situation to a preferred situation in the future. Change management is considered important for various reasons i.e. a number of issues influences the need for change. The major changes include technological change, change in customer tastes, alteration in the rules and regulations of the government, issues related to industrial relationship, competition changes, changes in leadership and a cluster of different other changes which either affects the growth of the organization or improves survival opportunity and expansion of the organization (A. Mills, Dye & J. Mills, 2008, p.10). In order to conduct or assess the positive impacts of chang e management in an organization Virgin blue the Australian air transport company has been chosen. The chosen company is a part of the renowned virgin group. The company arrived in the Australian market during the early 2000. They entered the Australian aviation industry and from then onwards they have given stiff completion to other players. The first flight of the company was DJ214 from Brisbane to Sydney during august 2000 (Virgin Australia, n.d.). They have principally focused on the leisure sector of the industry. The company has repositioned itself during the mid of 2011 with the launching of virgin Australia (Virgin Australia, n.d.). The company also achieved plenty of acclamation to its name. So in order to remain in the long run the company is also focusing on the changes to its current state. Why Virgin is changing A change in organization is a risky activity as organizations sometime fails or do not realize the proposed results. There are number of factors which are consid ered by the company to undergo changes in their existing system. Some of the reasons that Virgin blue has considered for making changes in their organization are as follows:- Declining market share – With the struggling economy there were huge losses of job and slow growth of economy. In such situations there are very less leisure travels and people tend to cut down their cost on luxury spending. Leisure travelling is one activity which gets hampered. Therefore it was necessary to make changes in their current state in order to strengthen the financial condition of the company. The changes which need to be undertaken are strictly based on current market situation. Strengthen Position in the corporate market – One of the strongest reason for which the company considered to implement changes in their

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Minimum wage issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minimum wage issue - Essay Example Employees who start working on jobs that offer minimum wage sometimes use it at a platform to attain other professions. Additionally, minimum wage not only helps young people, but also senior citizens who use it to support their families. I am addressing this letter to you to urge you as the senator of New York to introduce a motion in Congress calling for a raise in the minimum wage across all states. The United States requires policies that safeguard hardworking Americans who are dedicated in earning a living.1 Therefore, I believe raising the minimum wage above $10 per hour would be an important policy change towards restoring hope in citizens who rely on this income. Given this brief account, I believe that raising the minimum wage is a bold step that the Congress may take for purposes of achieving economic development. Raising minimum wage is a bold step towards economic recovery in the country. I call for the federal government to increase its spending on regular people as a means of increasing economic output in terms of revenue. Normally, regular people exhibit fluidity in their spending; hence, more money remains in circulation. On the contrary, wealthy people tend to hoard their wealth; hence, preventing it from circulating back into the economy. The minimum wage issue presents a transformation to the economy, which has been hijacked by the elite in recent years; thus, making it less productive in terms of government revenue collected through taxes. I would urge the government to increase the minimum wage of American workers to boost their purchasing power, as this will facilitate economic recovery.2 Therefore, a change in policy in increasing the minimum wage prevents counterproductive economics, which boosts the economy. 3 Second, raising the minimum wage can alleviate poverty. It is evident that these days the focus of the US economy is on Wall Street, which accounts for less than 1% of the population. In recent years, the number of people

Monday, January 27, 2020

Grammatical constraints on code-switching

Grammatical constraints on code-switching Grammatical constraints on code-switching The behaviour of bilingual and multilingual speakers in a wide variety of speech communities and a broad range of social contexts has been the subject of research since the 1970s. Specific attention has been paid in the literature on bilingualism/multilingualism to the phenomenon of code-switching, one of the results of which has been the proposal of and subsequent debate surrounding a number of different grammatical approaches to it. This essay will attempt to examine and discuss some of the main grammatical approaches to code-switching, and go on to look at the arguments advanced to support (and undermine) these. As Poplack (1980) mentions, authors of the early literature when not focusing on the sociolinguistic and discourse elements relating to code-switching concluded that code-switching was a phenomenon that occurred at random. Subsequent research has shown that there are code-switching patterns and that switching is, in fact, subject to grammatical rules; the debate now is centred on what, exactly, those rules are. The various theories put forward by scholars in this field of research seek to elaborate universally-applicable rules that account for all instances of code-switching in all language pairs. As will be seen in this essay, and as is claimed by Gardner-Chloros and Edwards (2004) and Alvarez-Cà ¡ccamo (1998), none of these theories achieves its aim. It is worth bearing in mind that, broadly speaking, there are two main â€Å"types† of code-switching: intersentential and intrasentential. The latter is arguably of greater interest to researchers as â€Å"it is only there that the two grammars are in contact† (Myers-Scotton and Jake (1995)). There are several main grammatical approaches to code-switching which fall into a number of broad categories, each of which will be discussed in turn. Gardner-Chloros and Edwards (2004: 3-4) argue that any given grammatical approach to code-switching depends on the sense of the word â€Å"grammar†. They claim that at least five senses of the term can be identified and, of those five senses, grammatical approaches to code-switching have focused (explicitly or otherwise) on the following two: Formal grammar; and Chomskyan/Universalist grammar Poplacks study of code-switching amongst a sample of bilingual Puerto-Ricans in New York City (1980) is an empirical test of two simple constraints that, she claims, are universally applicable: the Equivalence Constraint and the Free Morpheme Constraint. The Equivalence Constraint dictates that intrasentential switches will only be made by any bilingual speaker (regardless of the speakers proficiency in his or her L2) â€Å"at points in discourse where juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule of either language, i.e. at points around which the surface structures of the two languages map onto each other†. So a bilingual speaker implicitly obeys the syntactic rules imposed by the respective grammars (which, in this model, are deemed to share rules that apply to the use of particular lexical items or language constituents) and will only make a switch from one code to the other at points where that switch will not violate the rules of either grammar. Indeed, the title of Poplacks paper is a case in point: (1) Sometimes I start a sentence in Spanish y termino en espanol(â€Å"and finish in Spanish†) Here, the switch is made at a point in the sentence where the Spanish subordinate clause â€Å"y termino en espanol† does not violate the grammatical rules of English (which are deemed to set the framework for the sentence): the verb â€Å"terminar† is correctly inflected (â€Å"termino† first person singular, present indicative) as the English verb â€Å"to finish† would be (i.e. â€Å"I finish†) had the clause been uttered in the latter language and indeed, the grammar of the subordinate clause does not violate any grammatical rules of Spanish, were the entire sentence to be uttered solely in Spanish. The Free Morpheme Constraint states that an intrasentential switch may be made by any bilingual speaker â€Å"provided [a] constituent is not a bound morpheme†. Thus a sentence such as: (2) And what a tertuliait was, Dios mio! (And what a gathering it was, my God!) is acceptable under the Free Morpheme constraint (note that idiomatic expressions such as Dios mio above are â€Å"considered to behave like bound morphemes in that they show a strong tendency to be uttered monolingually†), unlike a sentence such as: (3) *Estaba type-ando su ensayo (She was type-ing her essay) Subsequent discussion and research have shown that Poplacks Constraints theory is not universally applicable to all language pairs or all instances of code-switching. It would appear that the Constraints model sits perfectly with Poplacks own data set drawn from her sample Puerto-Rican speech community, and may be appropriate for language pairs which share particular grammatical, syntactic or lexical features, such that these facilitate switches that indeed do not violate any grammatical rules of either of the languages in contact. Nevertheless, Poplack has continued to defend and refine the model, arguing that instances of code-switching that violates either or both of the constraints are not code-switches at all, but rather what are termed by Poplack â€Å"nonce borrowings† (a term first coined by Weinreich (1953)). These, it is argued, are tantamount to single-word code-switches: words from the L2 are used in an L1-dominant utterance but have yet to become an established pa rt thereof. Poplack argues that the Free Morpheme constraint is â€Å"a consequence of the nonce borrowing hypothesis (Sankoff et al, 1990)†. However, further research has yet fully to substantiate the claim of universal applicability of the Constraints model to all language pairs and all instances of code-switching. Other constraints models have also been put forward, amongst others, by Pfaff (1979) in her study of Spanish-English code-switching and borrowing. She argues that there are four main types of constraints on constraints: functional, structural, semantic and discourse-related.   Further constraints have also been formulated by Woolford (1983) in her generative model of code-switching (again based on data from Spanish-English bilinguals). Such constraints models can be contrasted with the far more elaborate Matrix Language Frame model developed and advocated by Myers-Scotton and her collaborators (1993 and subsequently refined: 1995, 2000), in which sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics are combined within a grammatical approach to code-switching. The notion of a base or matrix language was not new when the MLF model was initially published by Myers-Scotton. Work by Klavans (1985), Joshi (1985) and others had already posited a â€Å"frame† or â€Å"matrix† into which elements of the other language could be embedded. The broad lines of the MLF are as follows. Myers-Scotton makes the case for code-switching to involve a base or matrix language (ML), into which pockets of embedded language are inserted. The ML, then, is the â€Å"unmarked† language choice that provides the grammatical structure for the utterance or discourse, with â€Å"islands† of EL inserted at grammatically acceptable points of that utterance. She distinguishes between different types of morphemes and the role they play in code-switching: the ML supplies the system morphemes (closed-class items) in the sentence, while the EL supplies a proportion of the content morphemes (open-class items). There is also a psycholinguistic dimension to the MLF model, in that the ML is deemed to be more â€Å"activated† than the EL; it therefore lends itself more readily to providing the frame for code-switching between a bilingual speakers two (or more) languages. In seeking to define â€Å"matrix language† Myers-Scotton argues that the decision made on the part of bilingual speakers to make intrasentential switches is â€Å"based on social, psychological and structural factors†. It is these factors that essentially form the basis of a definition of the ML. There are two structural criteria involved:  § The ML is the language that projects the morphosyntactic frame for the CP that shows intrasentential CS. This is operationalised by two principles: the morpheme order principle, which states that the â€Å"surface morpheme order (reflecting surface syntactic relations) will be that of the ML†; and the system morpheme principle, which states that â€Å"all system morphemes that have grammatical relations external to their head constituent (i.e. participate in the sentences thematic role grid) will come from the ML†.  § The ML generally supplies the greater number of morphemes in intrasentential code-switching. The sociolinguistic aspects of the MLF model underpin the psycholinguistic ones: as stated above, the ML is the â€Å"unmarked† or expected language choice for the exchange between code-switching speakers. It is pointed out, however, that this is not always the case, for instance when the speakers do not share the same first language. It is also argued that the ML can change over the course of an exchange, in relation to situational changes for example. The distinction between content and system morphemes is central to the MLF model, in that they help to identify the ML and EL. Under the MLF model, content morphemes come mainly from the EL, with system morphemes coming principally from the ML to form the frame in which code-switching can occur. There are, however, difficulties in using morphemes to identify the ML, particularly when a speakers bilingualism is quite balanced. The quantitative criterion states that the majority of the morphemes in a code-switched utterance will come from the ML. However, this raises the issue of sample size which Myers-Scotton herself concedes is difficult to determine and comes up against instances of code-switching by balanced bilingual speakers who use both of their languages more or less equally; the number of morphemes from each language will, therefore, be more or less equal, thus undermining the applicability of the quantitative criterion posited in the MLF model in identifying the ML. . Like the Constraints model, subsequent research and commentary have led to the MLF model being refined into its current form, the 4-M Model. In this theory, further distinctions are drawn between categories of system morpheme. Attempts are also made to resolve issues in the original MLF model, such as double morphology. An interesting aspect of the MLF model is that it does not adopt the â€Å"sentence† as an appropriate unit for the grammatical analysis of code-switching. Myers-Scotton instead uses the CP (complement phrase) as an analytical unit, which she defines as a syntactic structure expressing the predicate-argument structure of a clause, plus the additional syntactic structures needed to encode discourse-relevant structure and the logical form of that clause. Because CP explicitly assumes that the unit of structure includes COMP (complementizer) position, it is a more precise term than either clause or sentence. For all of its innovation and complexity which sets it in stark contrast with the simplicity of the Constraints model discussed above the MLF model does not account for all instances of code-switching in all language pairs, fitting only with certain language pairs, and particularly with Myers-Scottons data set drawn from East African languages and dialects; as well as â€Å"cases of very asymmetric bilingualism† where the speakers proficiency in one or other of the languages in contact is weaker. So neither the Constraints model nor the MFL model gives a complete grammatical description of code-switching; instead, they each describe a particular form or class of code-switching into which particular language pairs or forms of bilingualism fit. A more complete view is therefore required. Muysken (2000) proposes a typology of code-mixing (a term that he favours over â€Å"code-switching†, which he reserves for referring to instances of rapid interchange between languages in the same discourse) that attempts to encompass both of the models discussed above, with an additional component that he terms â€Å"congruent lexicalization†. He argues that there are three main types of CS: Alternation: this is a form of code-switching in which bilingual speakers alternate between their two (or more) languages. An example of alternational code-mixing is Poplacks Constraints model. Insertion: in this form of CS, speakers insert chunks of switched constituents from the L2 into discourse framed in L1. Muysken argues that the MLF model is an illustration of insertional code-mixing. Congruent lexicalization: this is code-mixing between language pairs that share close morphological and phonological ties. An example of one such language pair (and the corresponding code-switching) is provided by Clynes study of Dutch-English code-switching in Australia (1987). Muysken argues that different language pairs will fit into one or other of those types. So, rather than proposing a â€Å"one size fits all† grammatical approach to code-switching/code-mixing, he acknowledges that code-mixing/code-switching between different languages pairs will display different characteristics, rather than claiming that all instances of code-mixing/code-switching will fit into a single immutable model or theory. It is interesting to note that Muysken is also a proponent of the Chomskyan Government model of code-switching. In a paper co-authored with Di Sciullo and Singh (1986), it is argued that the government constraint, whereby there can be no switch in codes between a governor constituent and its corresponding governed item, will serve to predict which switches will and will not be acceptable, regardless of the languages in contact in a bilingual persons lexicon. The model, however, does not account for or predict all instances of code-switching; indeed, bilingual speakers will code-switch at any point in any given utterance, Government or no. Even when the scope of the model is restricted to lexical government by non-function words (Muysken 1990), it remains an overstatement. It must also be borne in mind that this model will change as many times as Chomskys theory of Universal Grammar goes through its various transformations; in its current incarnation of the Minimalist Program, the not ion of Government has been cast aside altogether owing to definitional difficulties Another take on the generativist approach to code-switching is the â€Å"null theory† of code-switching. A number have been put forward (Mahootian (1993), Chan (1999), MacSwan (1999, 2000), Woolford (1983)). The basic premise of the â€Å"null theory† approach whether it is couched in terms of Tree Adjoining Grammar (Joshi 1985) or the Minimalist Program/Principles and Parameters is that code-switching can be described in terms of grammatical principles relevant to monolingual grammars, without postulating additional devices or constraints that are specific to code-switching itself. This is an attractive argument, but far from compelling. Generativist models are highly abstract, to the point where they are too far removed from the realities of bilingual speech. The underlying premise of Chomskys notion of the monolingual â€Å"ideal speaker† is not helpful here, as it leads to generalisations about bilingual speakers that are simply not accurate, as they are not a reflection of how bilinguals combine their languages in speech. Additionally, the â€Å"ungrammatical† nature of speech weakens any grammatical model of code-switching (see below). There are a number of reasons why none of these models (perhaps with the exception of Muyskens proposed typology of code-mixing) can account for all instances of CS. 1. Variability: As Gardner-Chloros and Edwards rightly point out, this variability is found between communities, within a single community, right down to the speech of individuals and even within the speech of a single individual within the same conversation (2004: 4). This may be the end result of and, at the very least, related to the idiolectal competence of individual speakers. 2. Nature of bilingual speech: Bilingual speakers are known to employ all kinds of devices and â€Å"tricks† to avoid being constricted by the dictates of grammatical rules. Speakers use pauses, interruptions and other means to neutralize any grammatical awkwardness resulting from switching at a particular point in the sentence.These devices serve a functional purpose in allowing speakers to make full use of both of their languages, and legitimising combinations from languages that are typologically different (e.g. word order). 3. Abstract nature of the notion of â€Å"grammar† and â€Å"sentence†: These are abstractions used by linguists to conceptualise language behaviour, in this instance amongst bilingual speakers. The issue here is whether such abstractions are relevant to the analysis of CS as seen in bilingual speech. The concept of the â€Å"sentence† may not be appropriate to the analysis of code-switching in any event: speakers rarely utter fully-rounded, grammatical sentences in everyday discourse and code-switch at will with seemingly little concern for the grammaticality of the (intersentential or intrasentential) switches that they make so effortlessly. Furthermore, from a grammatical analysis perspective, Gardner-Chloros and Edwards argue that even if the sentence were to be accepted as the â€Å"upper limit of grammar† and a meaningful unit in the context of code-switching, this would mean that grammatical approaches would only seek to explain intrasentential swit ches whilst omitting intersentential switches and conversational â€Å"moves† (2004: 5). The fundamental question at issue is whether or not a grammatical approach to code-switching is even appropriate. Given the variability of code-switching and the nature of speech in general and bilingual speech more specifically it seems particularly difficult to formulate any kind of universally applicable principle or constraint that accurately predicts how, where and when a bilingual speaker will switch codes, let alone whether that switch will â€Å"grammatical†. Variability lays at the very heart of code-switching; it is a reflection of a human ability to handle and manipulate language in any way that serves the speakers purpose in any given situation and with any given interlocutor(s). Another salient point that emerges is whether code-switching is even an observable fact. Gardner-Chloros (1995) argues that CS is an â€Å"analyst construct†, a product of linguists conceptualisations of language contact and language mixing and, as such, not separable from borrowing, interference or pidginisation (1995: 86), be it in ideological or practical terms. She also argues that the abstract concept currently accepted in bilingualism research is â€Å"fuzzy† and should in fact be used as a much broader term for a range of interlingual phenomena in which strict alternation between two discrete systems is the exception rather than the rule (1995: 68). If that is indeed the case, is it possible to begin to formulate a â€Å"grammar of code-switching† when there is still uncertainty as to what code-switching actually is? The arguments put forward by Alvarez-Cà ¡ccamo (1998) are also related to the points raised by Gardner-Chloros. In tracing the development of code-switching as a field of bilingualism research and of applied linguistics as a whole, he distinguishes between linguistic varieties and communicative codes, arguing that code-switching pertains to the former category and, as such, suggests that â€Å"code-switching† is perhaps a misnomer. He proposes that the concept of CS in its current form be both narrowed to exclude unrelated phenomena that have come under the banner of â€Å"code-switching†, and broadened to include those elements that have been excluded (including aspects of monolingual speech). It is difficult to see how an all-encompassing approach to code-switching can be put forward until the phenomenon of code-switching has been properly identified (and presumably labelled: â€Å"In order to argue convincingly for or against the existence of â€Å"code-switching constraints† and â€Å"code-switching grammars† () research should first convincingly prove that (a) speakers who code-switch possess two (or more) identifiable systems or languages, each with its identifiable grammatical rules and lexicon; and (b) â€Å"code-switched† speech results from the predictable interaction between lexical elements and grammatical rules from these languages.† (Alvarez-Cà ¡ccamo (1998: 36)) However, the issue here again lays in the conceptualisation of bilingual speech. Abstractions used by linguists in examining language phenomena such as code-switching remove the â€Å"human† element reflected in discourse strategies employed by bilingual speakers (discussed above; see below). A further aspect of code-switching, while not strictly grammatical, is discussed by Bentahila and Davies (1995):   the variables related to language contact situations, and how those change depending on developments in the contact situations. In a study of different generations of Moroccan Arabic-French bilinguals, they examine the relationship between patterns of code-switching and patterns of language contact and the influence of extraneous factors on those patterns. They point out that code-switching is affected by the nature of the contact between a particular pair of languages: duration of contact, for instance, and the impact of governmental language planning policies. They found that while all the bilingual speakers in their sample speech community used the same languages, their use of those same languages depended on their proficiency in both, which in turn depended on their age and the effects of governmental language planning and nationalist policies pursued in the post-c olonial continuum. It could be argued that evolving patterns of code-switching contribute to the variability of code-switching practices amongst bilingual speakers and, therefore, constitute another (indirect) reason why grammatical approaches to code-switching so often fall short. In summary, then, a number of grammatical models of intrasentential code-switching, with each claiming to predict where in the sentence a bilingual person will switch languages and that such switches will be made in such a way as not to violate any of the grammatical rules of either of the languages in contact. It is contended that, rather than achieving that aim, each model is specific to the data sets on which they are based, and can only really apply to similar language pairs. They therefore only describe an aspect of a phenomenon that is far more complex than the models would suggest. Furthermore, the applicability of the various models also depends on the â€Å"kind† of bilingual concerned and their proficiency in their respective language pairs: the Constraints model appears to be more relevant to more balanced bilinguals, for instance, while the MLF model seems to be more appropriate to more asymmetric bilinguals. It must be remembered that the models are not in stasis but rather continually refined and amended in relation to developments in their particular theoretical backdrop: the Government model of code-switching, for instance, is based on a theory of Universal Grammar that is itself evolving over time. Muyskens typology of bilingual speech (2000), which draws on the leading models of code-switching/code-mixing and seeks to account for all instances of code-switching by taking into account the various aspects involved therein, appears to be the most rounded of the grammatical approaches to the phenomenon, in that it encompasses the disparate aspects that have formed the focus of individual models. There is also the issue of whether code-switching is a phenomenon in its own right and, if not, what linguistic phenomena the concept of code-switching can be deemed to cover. Has the concept become an umbrella term used to describe a number of different linguistic devices employed by bilingual speakers? Or are these elements that are indistinguisha ble from a wider phenomenon? To conclude, it would appear that research into and grammatical approaches to code-switching have lost sight of the fact that code-switching is an abstraction used by linguists to conceptualise an aspect of the behaviour of bilingual speakers. After all, â€Å"languages do not do things; people do things, languages are abstractions from what people do† . Such a conceptualisation has led to researchers attempting to fit bilingual speech behaviour to a particular model rather than the other way around, discounting aspects such as variability, bilingual discourse strategies and the fact that code-switching is a creative, innovative process designed, it would appear, almost to avoid grammatical constraints altogether. Abstract grammatical models cannot reflect the realities of language contact and use. Not only that, but code-switching is also a gauge of language change and shift; this being the case, it is plausible that a grammatical shift would ensue, thus undermining a given m odel. Factors such as those mentioned by Bentahila and Davies (1995) must also have some kind of impact on grammatical models when these are based on a language contact situation which is shifting and evolving. A step back towards the realities of bilingual communication and speech acts, combined with an acceptance of the variability that they necessarily entail as reflected in the typology proposed by Muysken (2000) would constitute a more appropriate starting point for any grammatical approach to code-switching that sets out to be all things to all bilingual speakers.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

James Madison

At a time when only 12% of the American people possess a positive attitude towards the current job that our representatives in Congress are doing, it would behoove those who believe that government is completely out of touch with the needs of its people and that nothing good ever came out of government. In American history, there are hundreds of examples to the contrary. Out of these many examples comes one of the most underrated of them all: James Madison. Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson, instrumental in the passage of the Louisiana Purchase, the renewal of the charter for the national bank,   a two term President and intrigue part of the founding of the country, James Madison is one of the most important figures in American history. James Madison became involved in the formation of a new nation; the United States of America at an early age. At only the age of 24, Madison served in the Virginia state legislature from 1776, until 1779.[1] It was then that Madison became a protà ©gà © for Thomas Jefferson and the two would work very close together until Jefferson’s death fifty years later. The two shared similar beliefs on government. Madison was instrumental, along with the help of Jefferson, in drafting the Declaration of Religious Freedom which disestablished the Church of England and broke up any claims towards power that the church attempted to have in state matters. One of these was Patrick Henry’s push for an involuntary tithe to be paid to the congregation of one’s own choice. Madison and Jefferson believed this to be a violation of the separation of church and state; an idea that is not found in the Constitution but because of the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, many believe to this day is actually in the founding of this country. It was and is a belief that many Americans hold very dear to their hearts. While in the State legislature, Madison became a strong advocate of a strong central government; a government which was impossible to flourish under the Articles of Confederation which favored the rights’ of states and as a result, left an impotent federal government. This sentiment was shared by a large majority of his countrymen at this time who although many were advocates of states’ rights themselves, knew that the Articles of Confederation could no longer correctly govern the country. A Constitution was written in 1787 and ratified by all thirteen states in the immediately following years.[2] Although seen as a foregone conclusion by the casual contemporary observer, our current government’s formation was not written in stone. Although a shy man in private, Madison pushed exceedingly hard for the views and beliefs that he felt in his heart, was in the best interest of the country. Madison was a loud and strong advocate for a three branch government as we have today as well as a strong federal government who, if needed, could overrule the actions of the states if it was deemed to be a mistake and contrary to the good of the country as a whole. Madison made his opinions known in one of his most famous writings, who with Thomas Jefferson advocated their beliefs about where the government should be headed. In doing so, not only was Madison instrumental in forming a new political party with Jefferson: The Republicans, who would later be known as the Democrat Republicans, but his writings would cement him as one of the most important of the Founding Fathers. Madison stated: â€Å"In the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude. Hence, the number of representatives in the two cases not being in proportion to that of the two constituents, and being proportionally greater in the small republic, it follows that, if the proportion of fit characters be not less in the large than in the small republic, the former will present a greater option, and consequently a greater probability of a fit choice.†[3] Madison was stating how a large country and its many different interests and factions could till represent the people and their needs to a greater degree and support republican values better   than a small country that was dominated by special interests. It would not be until the 20th century that Americans finally got around to recognizing the wisdom of Madison and adapted to a greater degree than ever before, this sentiment within the American government. Madison would fight hard for the ratification of the new Constitution but was not in favor of a Bill of Rights as he believed that it was not necessary and included roles that, he felt, were not in the best interest of the federal government. Nevertheless, it was Madison who was the author of the Bill of Rights and as a result, forever cemented his legacy in American History. Madison originally advocated the need for twelve amendments but it was later agreed on ten. Despite his initial reluctance towards a Bill of Rights, Madison was tireless in advocating the need for the passage of the amendments once he partook in the task of forming a Bill of Rights. Such a career would have been more than enough for one man and had Madison’s career ended there, he would still have been talked about to this day. However, when Thomas Jefferson was elected the third president in 1800 and served from 1801 until 1809, he took Madison with him and made him the Secretary of State. As a result, Madison was instrumental in constructing one of the most lopsided international agreements in world history. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase, who’s 830,000 square miles of land which stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and which cost $15 million, Madison was also instrumental in that coming to pass.[4] In doing so, America doubled the size of its land overnight. Never in human history had so much land been acquired in so little time. Jefferson had only expected to purchase the city of New Orleans but when Napoleon offered all of Louisiana, Madison jumped on the opportunity and despite the scoffing of the price tag by many members of Congress, made sure to broker the deal. The implications for the country were huge and every day, from then until the end of time, America has and will continue to benefit from the Louisiana Purchase. After Thomas Jefferson walked away from the Presidency in 1809, Madison won the Presidency and would spend two terms in the White House. During his presidency, Madison would deal with two events which would come to define his presidency. The first was the renewal of the national bank’s charter which was scheduled to expire after twenty years in 1811. Since Madison fought the passage of the first national bank, he again was in opposition to it again in 1811 and fought its renewal in 1811.[5] This would help to affect Madison’s second mistake; the allowance of another war with Britain. The absence of a national bank made it increasingly difficult to finance a war. Throughout Jefferson’s presidency, America’s Armed Forces, especially the Navy, was dismantled to such a size, that it became a non entity and was not considered a force in the opinion of any of the world’s leaders. When it was recognized that Madison’s impotence during the months leading up to the war and its consequences could not now be avoided, Madison did all that he could to incite as much public support as possible. Also, in all of American history, no president has lost his bid for reelection during a war; neither did Madison who won reelection. The War of 1812 ended in another American victory and the signing of the treaty of Ghent in 1815; officially put an end to the war. Upon learning his lesson, Madison pushed for the formation of a national bank, although one that was stronger than the previous one. With the help of such nationalist opinion from men such as John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, a second national bank was formed in 1816.[6] In the last years of the Madison presidency, James Madison continued to push for a strong central government and against state’s rights. In his last act before leaving office, Madison vetoed a bill for internal improvements because it was formed on the grounds of state’s rights. In his veto, Madison commented: â€Å"Having considered the bill†¦ I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling this bill with the Constitution of the United States. The powers vested in Congress are specified and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers.†[7]   Madison denied that such legislation was supported by the General Welfare Clause in the Construction when he responded: â€Å"Such a view of the Constitution would have the effect of giving to Congress a general power of legislation instead of the defined and limited one hitherto understood to belong to them.†[8] This would highlight a continued debate which rages today: What is the role of the federal government in the daily lives of its people? The answer continues to change and will most likely change again with the result of the next presidential election. Madison would retire to Montpelier, his home in Virginia. Madison was sixty five then and would spend the rest of his life, incited by his anxiousness regarding his legacy, began to change the details in his various writings and other forms of evidence which he later began to feel, portrayed a contrary message to the one which he hoped would be judged by history. Madison died on June 28, 1836, anxious about his ability to justify his actions to both himself and to historians.[9] Historians in general have been kind to Madison. Madison was there when the country needed him the most and as a result, contemporary Americans are still enjoying the fruits of his labor and wisdom. WORKS CITED Burns, Ken  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson Los Angeles: Time Warner & PBS Productions 1997 Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History New York: Century Publications 1947 Ellis, Joseph   Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation New York: Alfred Knopf Publishers 2000 Kuralt, Charles On the Road: American Heritage New York: CBS Productions 1989 Wills, Gary   James Madison: The American President Series New York: Times Books 2002 [1] Kuralt, Charles On the Road: American Heritage New York: CBS Productions 1989 [2] Ellis, Joseph   Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation New York: Alfred Knopf Publishers 2000 pg. 156 [3] Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History New York: Century Publications 1947 section ii. Pg 55 [4] Kuralt, Charles On the Road: American Heritage New York: CBS Productions 1989 [5] Burns, Ken  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson Los Angeles: Time Warner & PBS Productions 1997 [6] Burns, Ken  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson Los Angeles: Time Warner & PBS Productions 1997 [7] Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History New York: Century Publications 1947 section iii. Pg 57 [8] Kuralt, Charles On the Road: American Heritage New York: CBS Productions 1989 [9] Wills, Gary   James Madison: The American President Series New York: Times Books 2002 pg. 277   

Saturday, January 11, 2020

My Different Kinds of Friends

I have formed many friendships in life. Each friend, however, is different. Some are closer than others. Some are more important to keep than others. There are friends made out of necessity and some formed as if by fate. Friends, certainly, are of various kinds. I have one best friend. We share many similarities in character and preferences. We have been through a lot since we first met. The best friend is someone whom you think you could trade personalities with. He is someone whom you could share your secrets, dreams and problems.He will accept you for both your good and bad traits and could be depended on in both happy and sad times. The other type of friend I have made is the group-friend. The clique is a group of people whom you go in a group with. I am part of one in school and another in the neighborhood. When I start working in a company, I know I will be part of another. Although the closeness is less than that of the best friend, belonging to a clique means having a group t o hang out with, play games with, and sympathize with each other’s life stories.Then, there are the friends I keep in close contact with but am not really close enough to confide in. I keep a good relationship with them because I see them regularly. They are schoolmates, sons and daughters of my parents, neighbors, and other people whom I interact with in a regular basis. Finally, there are the friends whom I make at various stages in my life but whom I lost contact with through the years. For instance, childhood friends who went to different schools or have already moved to other places.I keep in contact with some of them through email and sometimes I see them but a long distance friendship is different to having a regular friend around. Friends change every year or so. Even a best friend can become a mere acquaintance later on in life. There are no permanent friends unless one takes the extra effort. Friends are important to have in life, however, in that they are like life -saving crafts. We need them during fun times, but we need them more during the low moments of life.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Essay about Censorship and Catcher in the Rye - 751 Words

Christi Johnson English 11 Pd. 5 Censorship Essay The Catcher in the Rye has been an instant classic since it was first published. It has been on the New York Times Best Seller list along with being among the most banned books in the U.S. It has been banned for its harsh language and bad behavior. But truly these are not good reasons to ban a book; a book that is so enjoyed by many readers and the reality of the protagonist. It is never good to hear profound language but the book is just showing how the teenage world actually is in many cases. Most teenagers are going threw a lot at that time in their lives, not always to the extreme like Holdren, but hard times none the less. The language in the book is nothing teens are not†¦show more content†¦He wants everything to be easily understandable. Holdren does not acknowledge that adulthood scares and mystifies him, but rather says that adulthood is a world of superficiality and hypocrisy, while childhood is a world of innocence, and honesty. The book really exemplifies just how difficult it can be for some teens at times. It is a time you have to be changing whether you like it or not. The book displays an important message that is critical for teens to be reminded of at times. If teens and readers only are ever told about the ups and good things in life, then it will not prepare them for the â€Å"real world†. Therefore, The Catcher inThe Rye should not be censored but rather taught in the high school environment with the goal that students will grasp the message of dealing with change involved in the transition to adulthood. Some problems do arise when incorporating controversial books into the school system. The main and biggest problem is the complaints of parents. Sometimes parents see the books their kids are reading, a preconceived negative perception, then immediately decide they do not want their kid â€Å"exposed† to such material. Parents do have every right to say and decide that. But the feelings of a few pare nts should not dictate the masses of students. If parents were educated beforehand about the material their children would be covering, it might alleviate someShow MoreRelatedCensorship of The Catcher in the Rye948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye is a book that is an entertaining and compelling novel portraying, to some extent, the typical journey every person goes through in adolescence. Its relatable to many in that stage of life between childhood and adulthood. But is it to explicit and should it be banned or censored from schools? My opinion is that censorship is a little extreme for this book. This novel should not be banned or censored because it is relatable to people in Holden Claufields age group, it doesRead More The Reason Behind the Censorship of Salingers Catcher In The Rye853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reason Behind the Censorship of Salingers Catcher In The Rye Many charges have been made against J.D Salingers The Catcher in the Rye in attempts to censor the book. Most of these charges are used as a smoke-screen for the real reason this book is considered dangerous. There have been several attempts to have Salingers novel removed from High School libraries and reading lists. The most notable instances are: 1978 -- it was removed from an optional reading list at a High SchoolRead MoreAmerican Library Association Vs. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1230 Words   |  5 Pages J.D. Salinger’s, The Catcher in the Rye, holds the honor of appearing on â€Å"Time† magazine’s 2010 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923 (Lacayo). In contrast, the American Library Association (ALA) notes that the novel also holds the dubious honor of being the tenth most challenged book in the United States from 1990 to 1999. In 2001, 2005, and 2009 the book again made the ALA top ten most frequently challenged book list (Banned and Challenged Books). In the lightRead MoreEssay about The Catcher In the Rye, Banned For a Reason894 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel, The Catcher In the Rye. The novel follows only a few days of Holden’s life, but exploits Holden’s reckless behavior and poor decision making skills; therefore encouraging bad behavior on young readers. The story also follows a constant repetition of inappropriate words and swears; that one might consider profane. Lastly the story contains inappropriate scenes and dialogue that is sexually explicit. The adult content found in this novel makes it unsuitable for eighth graders. The Catcher In theRead More salinger Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial in the Catcher in the Rye. Salinger is also known for many of his writings such as Franney and Zooey, Nine Stories, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters. The summer of 1930 he was voted â€Å"The Most Popular Writer†. â€Å"Salinger is a beautifully deft, professional who gives us a chance to catch quick, half-amused, half-frightened glimpses of ourselves and our contemporaries, as he confronts us with his brilliant mirror images† (Lomazoff 1). In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, there is a relationshipRead MoreThe Catcher In the Rye Should Not be Banned Essay789 Words   |  4 Pages The Catcher In the Rye Should Not be Banned nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Since its publication in 1951, The Catcher In the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger has served as a conflagration for debate and extreme controversy. Although the novel has been the target of scornful criticism, it has also been the topic of wide discussion. The novel portrays the life of sixteen year old, Holden Caufield. Currently in psychiatric care, Holden recalls what happened to him last Christmas. At the beginningRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By William Shakespeare And Mark Twain1732 Words   |  7 PagesFree†). Many people feel that J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher In The Rye is dangerous because it contains vulgarity, violence, and sexual content (Chandler). Although The Catcher in the Rye was put on the banned book list shortly after its first publication in 1951, it is a fascinating and enlightening classic that everyone should have the opportunity to read. Holden Caulfield, the main character and narrator of The Catcher in the Rye, is a teenager growing up in the 1950’s in New YorkRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Salinger904 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II, was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City. Little is known about his early life except for his education. He attended schools on the upper west side of Manhattan, which would later be the setting of his most famous novel, The Catcher in the Rye. After flunking out of several prep schools, including McBurney’s, his parents sent him to Valley Forge Military Academy. At Valley Forge he maintained average grades and was involved in several clubs and organizations, many of which had toRead MoreCatcher in the Rye1601 Words   |  7 PagesInnocence, Compassion, and some ‘Crazy Cliff A novel, which has gained literary recognition worldwide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in t he Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the preservation of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and adulthood. Embellishing the differentiation between innocence andRead More Censorship in Public Schools Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesStephen Kings Carrie and Patrick Manns Dog Day Afternoon (Jones 33). -An Indiana school board takes action that leads to the burning of many copies of a textbook that deals with drugs and the sexual behavior of teenagers (Berger 61). These cases of censorship in public schools are not unusual and there is evidence that such challenges are increasing (Woods 2). These challenges are actually typical of the ones being leveled against school libraries today. These challenges can come from one person or a